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History and origin of forging process

History-and-origin-of-forging-process

Forging, one of the oldest metalworking methods, began as a manual craft and transitioned to industrial mechanization in the early 20th century, particularly in industries like railways, armaments, and shipbuilding. This shift was marked by the introduction of advanced machinery capable of producing high-performance forgings. Forging involves applying pressure to metal blanks, causing plastic deformation to achieve specific mechanical properties, shapes, and dimensions. Together with stamping, forging forms the core of metal forming processes.

Forging is categorized into open-die forging, die forging, ring rolling, and special forging: 

Open-Die Forging: External force is applied directly to the blank using simple tools or anvils, creating forgings with the desired geometry and internal quality.

Die Forging: Metal blanks are shaped within pre-formed die cavities. Die forging includes hot, warm, and cold forging, with the latter two representing advanced technological levels.

Ring Rolling: Specialized machines produce ring-shaped components (e.g., wheels, hubs) with varying diameters.

Special Forging: Techniques like roll forging, wedge rolling, and radial forging are used for specific shapes, such as steel balls, shafts, and large barrels.

Forging eliminates casting defects, refines microstructures, and retains metal flow lines, resulting in superior mechanical properties compared to castings. It is the preferred method for critical components subjected to high loads and harsh conditions, except for simpler shapes that can be rolled or welded.

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